RESUMO
Resumen Chile es uno de los países con mayor esperanza de vida en Latinoamérica, así como con mayor porcentaje de personas mayores de 60 años. Este grupo etario es considerado como grupo vulnerable en procesos de inclusión económica. A esto se suma que muchos adultos mayores deben trabajar hasta edades avanzadas debido a las bajas pensiones y escasos recursos económicos, lo cual impacta su bienestar. Atendiendo a los antecedentes y desde la psicología económica, el objetivo de este estudio es conocer el significado del bienestar subjetivo y la inclusión económica en adultos mayores de entre 60-75 años, en zonas urbanas del sur de Chile. La metodología de investigación es cualitativa y se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, las cuales fueron analizadas con la técnica análisis de contenido y con el soporte del programa N-VIVO 11. Los participantes fueron 10 adultos mayores -3 hombres y 7 mujeres- todos líderes de clubes de adultos mayores. Los principales hallazgos muestran que los significados asociados al bienestar subjetivo se refieren a las fuentes de este, tales como familia, amigos y la participación en organizaciones de adultos mayores. Sin embargo, asocian sentimientos negativos relacionados con las dificultades que enfrentan por sus precarias condiciones económicas. En cuanto a los significados asociados a la inclusión económica, se refieren a habilidades tales como la capacidad de administración y distribución de los ingresos y la necesidad de aprender sobre el uso de herramientas tecnológicas que se requieren para sentirse incluidos en el sistema. Además, indican prácticas como el endeudamiento formal e informal y escaso ahorro.
Abstract Increasing life expectancy brings with it research challenges associated with the evidence of the psychosocial and economic implications of this fact in contemporary societies. At the same time, it is necessary to develop a field of study related to the quality of life and subjective well-being of this age group. Chile is one of the countries with the highest life expectancy in Latin America, as well as the highest percentage of people over 60. Faced with this panorama, it is necessary to know aspects that impact and take on meanings associated with subjective well-being in old age, as well as towards economic inclusion, considering that older adults, together with women heads of household and young people, are considered vulnerable socioeconomic groups in the processes of economic inclusion. Added to this is the fact that many older adults must continue to work into old age due to low pensions and scarce economic resources, which have an impact on their well-being. In this research, subjective well-being is considered to be composed of an affective and a cognitive dimension and is defined as the evaluation that people themselves make of their lives. On the other hand, economic inclusion is understood as a process of promoting affordable, timely and adequate access to a wide range of regulated financial products and services. Based on economic psychology, the objective of this study is to understand the meaning of subjective well-being and economic inclusion in older adults between the ages of 60-75 in urban areas of southern Chile. The study was realized in the Araucanía Region, the region with the highest poverty rate in this country. The research methodology is qualitative and semi-structured interviews were applied, which were analyzed with the content analysis technique and with the support of the N-VIVO 11 program. The participants were 10 older adults, 3 men and 7 women, leaders of older adult clubs. The research's ethical safeguards included the approval of the University of La Frontera Ethics Committee, incorporating the use of informed consent and authorization for the recording of interviews. The main findings show that the meanings associated with subjective well-being refer to its sources, such as family, friends and participation in organizations of older adults, declare positive feelings associated with happiness and satisfaction with life; however, they associate some negative feelings related to the difficulties they face due to precarious economic conditions that prevent them from satisfying basic needs (for example, health and food). As for the meanings associated with financial inclusion, they refer to skills such as the ability to manage and distribute income and the need to learn about the use of technological tools required to feel included in the system. In addition, they indicate practices associated with financial inclusion, highlighting formal and informal indebtedness and scarce savings. The results are discussed in light of the emerging categories of study population and theoretical background. It is suggested that financial capacities, as mechanisms that contribute to economic inclusion, are a dimension that should be highlighted in research and intervention, based on plans and programs aimed at the active ageing of older adults in Chile.
RESUMO
Abstract This article presents the results of the analysis of psychometric properties of the Economic and Financial Literacy Test (TAEF-E) after its application in 811 high school students from nine educational establishments in the cities of Santiago (48.6%) and Temuco (51.4%) and whose sample had a 52.5% participation of women. For the study, three scales were applied: TAEF-E, the Scale of Susceptibility to the influence of peers in consumption and the Attitude Scale towards materialism for adolescents, managing to demonstrate optimal levels of internal consistency, adequate factor validity with a one-dimensional structure and significant correlations with sociodemographic and attitudinal variables, which allow to ratify as a whole, the validity and reliability of TAEF-E as an instrument to measure economic and financial literacy in secondary school students.
Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados del análisis de propiedades psicométricas del Test de Alfabetización Económica y Financiera (TAEF-E) tras su aplicación en 811 estudiantes de secundaria de nueve establecimientos educativos de las ciudades de Santiago (48.6%) y Temuco (51.4%) y cuya muestra tuvo una participación del 52.5% de mujeres. Para el estudio, se aplicaron tres escalas: El TAEF-E, la Escala de Susceptibilidad a la influencia de los pares en el consumo y la Escala de Actitud hacia el materialismo para adolescentes, logrando demostrar niveles óptimos de consistencia interna, adecuada validez factorial con una estructura unidimensional y correlaciones significativas con variables sociodemográficas y actitudinales, que permiten ratificar en su conjunto, la validez y confiabilidad del TAEF-E como instrumento para medir la alfabetización económica y financiera en estudiantes de secundaria.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adolescente , Economia , Alfabetização , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ensino Fundamental e MédioRESUMO
El número de estudiantes universitarios que presentan un endeudamiento temprano se ha incrementado en los últimos años, lo que representa un riesgo potencial para su estabilidad financiera. La presente investigación analiza la validez factorial de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento (Denegri et al., 1999) y determina la existencia de tipología de perfiles actitudinales hacia el endeudamiento, en una muestra de 984 estudiantes universitarios chilenos con edades entre 18 y 25 años. Los resultados señalan la presencia de dos factores independientes denominados Hedonismo y Austeridad, a partir de los cuales se determinaron cuatro perfiles de actitudes hacia el endeudamiento llamados: austero, difuso, hedonista y ambivalente, que podrían estar a la base de comportamientos de aceptación o rechazo del endeudamiento.
The number of university students who present an early indebtedness has increased in the last years, which represents a potential risk for his financial stability. This study examined validity factorial of the Scale of Attitudes toward the Indebtedness (Denegri et al., 1999) and determines the existence of profile attitudinal typology towards the indebtedness in a sample of 984 university Chilean students with ages between 18 and 25 years. The results indicate the presence of two independent factors named Hedonism and Austerity, from which four profiles of attitudes decided towards the indebtedness named: austere, diffuse, hedonistic and ambivalent those who might be to the base of his behaviors of acceptance or rejection of the indebtedness.
RESUMO
La presente investigación, enmarcada en el Proyecto Fondecyt N.° 1090179, buscó identificar diferencias en las actitudes hacia la compra y el consumo entre estudiantes de Pedagogía y profesores en ejercicio de la ciudad de Temuco. La muestra estuvo conformada por 88 estudiantes y 103 profesores en ejercicio, a los cuales se aplicó la escala de actitudes hacia el consumo y la compra (Tang y Luna, 1999, citado en Gebauer, Schäfer y Soto, 2003) y escala de materialismo (Richins y Dawson, 1992). Los resultados muestran que las mujeres presentan actitudes racionales en coexistencia con actitudes impulsivas. Por otro lado, los profesores en ejercicio tienen una actitud más racional y tienden a considerar al materialismo como central en sus vidas en comparación con los estudiantes de Pedagogía. Los hallazgos se discuten con relación a los antecedentes existentes en esta línea de investigación.
The present research, framed within Fondecyt Project Number 1090179, searched to identify differences in attitudes toward purchase and consumption between pedagogy students and teachers of Temuco (Chile). The sample was formed by 88 students and 103 teachers; we applied them the Attitudes toward Consumption and Purchase Scale (Tang and Luna, 1999 as cited in Gebauer, Schäfer and Soto, 2003) and the Materialism Scale (Richins andDawson, 1992). The results show that women present rational attitudes in coexistence with impulsive attitudes. On the other side, the teachers have a rational attitude and tend to consider materialism as central in their lives compared to pedagogy students. The discoveries are discussed based on the existing antecedents in this line research.